Extended home building manifesto

Home building: An engine for growth, prosperity and opportunity

Explore the recommendations of our housing blueprint in more detail and how industry's recommendations be best implemented by the new government.

Please note: This is an extended version of our housing blueprint - Home building: An engine for growth, prosperity and opportunity - published June 2024.

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Introduction

The home building industry is at the coalface of tackling the housing crisis. Over the past five years alone, it has delivered around 1.2 million much needed new homes, helped hundreds of thousands of people realise their home ownership aspirations, and provided half of all Affordable Housing.

However, the contribution industry makes stretches far beyond just bricks and mortar. Each year, home building:

• supports around 750,000 jobs and over 8,000 apprenticeship positions.
• generates over £40bn in economic activity.
• contributes more than £70 million for open spaces.
• provides almost £195m for the development of new and existing schools.
• enables £12.5bn spending in supply chains and £6.3bn spending in local shops.

If housing delivery were to increase, this would not only provide vital new additions to this country’s housing stock but deliver further significant benefits for both the economy and local communities. Indeed, it is estimated that every 100,000 new homes built adds 1% to GDP.

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Due to decades of undersupply, England has far fewer dwellings relative to its population than other developed nations we typically consider peers, with 434 homes per thousand inhabitants, significantly fewer than France (590), Italy (587) and the OECD average of 487.

For England to ‘catch up’, a record-breaking net supply of 320,000 homes per year – nearly 100,000 more than current delivery levels – would be required.

However, with all available metrics suggesting that in the coming months and years house building is set to decrease, it remains an ambition that is moving ever further away:

• Falling planning permissions – HBF’s Housing Pipeline report found the number of units achieving planning permission in the year ending Q1 2024 was 236,644 - the lowest 12-month total for almost a decade, since Q3 2014. Year on year, this is a 13% drop, and 22% on the year to Q1 2022. Furthermore, the number of units approved during Q1 2024 – 53,862 – is the lowest quarterly total since Q2 2015. This is a 19% drop on the previous quarter and 13% on the same period last year.

• Some regions are faring worse than others. London, where affordability and availability are already the most stretched, saw a 39% drop year on year and a 51% drop on the previous quarter.

• In England, the number of sites granted permission in Q1 2024 – 2,472 – was the lowest quarterly figure since the HBF Housing Pipeline Report began in 2006 – a 10% drop on the previous quarter. This is around half of the number of sites that were being approved in the latter half of the 2010s, when housing supply was at its peak.

• Reduction in EPCs issued - One measure of recent completions, the number of new homes issued with an Energy Performance Certificate, shows a 6% fall in new build completions for the 12 months to March 2024 compared with the equivalent period a year earlier.

• Additions to the Council Taxbase in the year to September 2023, showing the creation of new addresses, saw a fall in recent years.

The reasons for the decline in housing delivery are vast, including, but not limited to:

• Paralysis in the planning process: Underfunded and under resourced Local Planning Authorities (LPAs), the complexity of the planning process and the lack of timely responses from statutory consultees are resulting in increased delays, uncertainty and costs for developers of all sizes, across the country. The recent Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) house building market study report found that only 12% of planning applications were determined within 13 weeks and the direct costs associated with making planning applications can range from £100,000 to £900,000 depending on the site.

• SME home builders are in decline: While all developers face challenges with planning, SME developers experience them most acutely by virtue of their size. In addition, they are also struggling with land availability, due to the lack of small sites that are being brought forward through Local Plans.

• Nutrient neutrality mitigation requirements: At least 160,000 new homes remain blocked by Natural England’s moratorium on house building in 74 local authorities despite evidence that the occupants of new homes contribute less than 1% to the problem of nutrient pollution in rivers.

• Abolition of mandatory housing targets: Research by Lichfields for HBF shows that recent changes to the NPPF could result in a drop of 77,000 homes a year. Despite only being confirmed in December 2023, the policy has already had a negative impact on housing delivery with more than 60 Local Authorities either pausing work on or withdrawing their local plans since the announcement was made.

• Lack of support for first-time buyers (FTBs): Builders can only build if buyers can buy and that has become increasingly difficult, particularly for FTBs, due to the economic climate, higher interest rates and the closure of the Help to Buy Equity Loan Scheme (HtB) in March 2023. The closure of the scheme left aspiring owners without any form of Government support scheme for the first time in over 25 years.

• Uncontracted s106 Units: A recent survey of a small selection of HBF members found that there are at least 13,000 Affordable Housing units with detailed planning consent that remain uncontracted with Registered Providers (RPs). This is due to a ‘perfect storm’ of financial pressures faced by RPs, resulting in a prioritisation of grant funded properties.

As a result, the election of a new government presents a real watershed moment for the industry in terms of future housing policy and its impact on supply.

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England is the most difficult place in the developed world to find a home due to decades of under delivery. Not only are people grappling with the poor availability of appropriate housing, this country’s existing housing stock is also:

• Unaffordable - The UK is home to the second most people living in households that are paying more than 40% of their income on housing in Europe. In 2018, the year for which the latest data is available, this stood at 10 million people - 15.1% of the UK population. This proportion is 4.8 percentage points higher than the EU average of 10.3%.

• Ageing - The UK has amongst the oldest housing in Europe, with 78% of homes having been built before 1980, compared with an EU average of 61%, and 38% of the UK’s housing stock being built before 1946, compared with an EU average of 18%.

• In poor condition - 15% of English homes failed to meet the Decent Homes Standard in 2020. This is the highest proportion of substandard homes in Europe, and significantly higher than many other countries including Germany (12%), Bulgaria (11%), Lithuania (11%) and Poland (6%).

This country’s continuous failure to build enough homes is not unique to any tenure and is having a significant impact on all people searching for a home:

• Home ownership - Home ownership is still the largest tenure but is far lower than its 2003 peak. In2022-23, 64.8% of people were owner occupiers, compared to 70.9% in 2003.

• Private rented sector – An imbalance between supply and demand has seen renters facing record prices with rents growing at the fastest annual rate for more than a decade. Average rents increased to £1,293 a month in England, £730 in Wales and £952 in Scotland in the year up to April 2024.

• Social housing - The social housing sector has shrunk. In 1979, local authorities and housing associations let 5.5 million homes. This number declined by around a quarter over the next 40 years, reaching 4.1 million in 2022. It is estimated that the number of homes forsocial rent fell from 4.0 million in March 2013 to around 3.8 million in March 2023. Meanwhile, local authorities' waiting lists continue to grow; there were 1.21 million households on local authority waiting lists on 31 March 2022, an increase of 2% from 1.19 million in 2020/21.

• Older person’s housing - Research from the Homes for Later Living Group suggests that approximately 25% of the country’s 65+ population (nearly 3 million people) want to downsize. However, there are not enough suitable properties to enable this to happen. It is estimated that we need to build approximately 30,000 properties for later living each year to keep pace with the ageing population.

The remainder of this section will explore these issues in more detail and outline the recommendations HBF would encourage the next Government to introduce to tackle these challenges – as well as how these recommendations could be implemented.

Problem: First-time buyers are finding it increasingly difficult to get on the housing ladder

In England, home ownership is the largest tenure and has been since the mid-1970s. The 2022-23 English Housing Survey found that 64.8% of people were owner occupiers, which is considerably lower than the 2003 peak of 70% (as demonstrated by the chart below).

There are also other causes for concern, with younger generations struggling to access the housing market without the support of family wealth. As home ownership has become less accessible, and following an extended period of low mortgage rates now passing into history, a growing proportion of mostly older home owners are now mortgage-free, again threatening to widen the gap between the haves and have nots.

Housing wealth is becoming increasingly entrenched

In 1991, 24.8% of homeowners were outright owners. By 2022-23, this had increased by over 10 percentage points to 35.3%. Meanwhile, those buying a home with a mortgage fell from 43.1% in the early to mid-1990s to 29.5% in 2022-23.

For many decades, not enough homes have been built to meet the needs of the population. As a result of this housing shortfall, buying a home has become increasingly unaffordable, with younger generations and those on lower incomes bearing the brunt of this reality. Economic growth and job opportunities have also been constrained by limited delivery.

Problem: Housing delivery looks set to decrease further

Furthermore, as highlighted earlier in this paper, all available metrics indicate that housing delivery is set to decrease considerably in the coming months and years - threatening to make the housing crisis even more acute for many households across the country. This worsening picture is due to a combination of economic uncertainty, inflationary pressures, and policy choices taken by the previous Government.

The current outlook for housing supply in the years ahead may be dire, but this downward trend is not inevitable. Increasing housing supply is possible if the right choices are made by the new Government. Indeed, in the early-mid 2010s, the commitment of policymakers to address the long-term undersupply of housing and the willingness of ministers to challenge ‘Not in my back yard’ (NIMBY) interests brought significant results - with housing supply rising 91% from the trough in 2012-13 to a high point of almost 250,000 homes in 2019-2. Economic challenges and a changing Government approach have now undercut this progress.

However, increasing delivery will not only provide much-needed new homes but maximise the economic and social benefits of development for local communities. In the following sections, HBF is proposing several practical steps that can be taken by the next Government to boost supply.

Solution: Reverse the December 2023 changes to the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), with a particular focus on reinstating mandatory housing targets and the Five-Year Housing Land Supply (5YHLS).

When introduced in 2012, the NPPF helped to drive up housing supply – introducing presumptions in favour of development, and measures to speed up decision-making. The NPPF also saw councils adequately incentivised to prepare and maintain local plans.

However, some of the December 2023 changes to the NPPF have weakened these incentives, meaning that fewer planning authorities are seeking to abide by their responsibilities to plan for the number of new homes communities need.

The two changes to the NPPF that will have the greatest impact on housing supply are:

• Abolition of mandatory housing targets – The revised NPPF removes mandatory housing targets for LPAs. This means that the standard method for calculating housing need is merely an advisory starting point. Furthermore, only in exceptional circumstances, including relating to ‘the demographic characteristics of an area’, can alternative approaches to assessing housing need other than the standard method be used. This is concerning because, without clear goals in place, there is a considerable likelihood that LPAs will significantly reduce the scale of housing allocations included in local plans.
• Removal of 5YHLS requirement - LPAs with a local plan that is less than five years old will no longer need to continually demonstrate a five-year land supply. This requirement ensured that local authorities have enough available sites to meet housing requirements for the next five years, thereby acting as an important safeguard for housing supply. The 5% and 10% ‘buffers’ applied to local authorities’ 5YHLS calculations were also removed.

The weakening of these requirements will significantly constrain the delivery of new housing supply in the years ahead. Research by Lichfields carried out for HBF last year estimates that the changes to the NPPF, particularly the removal of housing targets, could see housing supply fall by 77,000 homes per year. In turn, housing supply could now fall to its lowest level since the Second World War, with the changes to the NPPF being the main contributor.

A fall in housing supply of 77,000 homes a year would not only undermine efforts to tackle the housing crisis, but could also result in a loss of £17bn of economic activity each year and threaten over 200,000 jobs in a sector which relies on extensive domestic supply chains.

It is worth noting that the recent Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) report also expressed concern over the abolition of housing targets, acknowledging that “the recent steps announced by the UK government to allow LPAs to justify not meeting housing targets in England runs contrary to the direction of travel we consider most appropriate in this area”.

Therefore, we are calling on the new Government to issue a Written Ministerial Statement (WMS) and start the process of reversing some of the revisions to the NPPF made in December 2023 as soon as possible upon taking office.

Solution: Reform the Standard Method of Housing Need

While HBF was opposed to the abolition of mandatory housing targets, it appreciates that the Standard Method could be reformed to allay some of the concerns expressed by local authorities and communities with regards to housing delivery.

Should the next Government be minded to reform, we suggest that any alternative should:

• have as its baseline the existing housing stock of an area. This figure is empirical and stable over time. Its use would avoid criticisms that have been levelled at the use of household projections (such as their datedness and volatility).
• apply to this baseline a rate by which all areas would be expected to grow their housing stock in line with a national ambition. This would ensure that the starting point for all local authorities and communities is proportionate to their existing size and that all areas contribute proportionately to new housing supply. Applying a rate by which the national housing stock should grow also ensures retention of a clear national ambition for the increase in the supply of new homes.
• be a starting point from which local assessments would be derived. Policy and guidance would make clear the parameters to be taken into account locally to inform whether in practice the level of need is higher or lower than this starting point.

An approach based on these principles would address the perception of “top-down targets” while continuing to ensure that local authorities do not duck or defer the difficult decisions needed to ensure the country’s housing needs are met. Ultimately, greater consensus on the nature of targets - and ensuring that new housing is delivered in a proportionate way - makes it more likely that these targets will be met.

Problem: There is uncertainty as how to a sustained increase in housing delivery will be achieved

There must also be a clear plan for how increases in housing delivery will be achieved. Indeed, the previous Government’s 300,000 annual target has never been achieved in part because of a lack of clarity over the steps needed to do so.

The industry has also faced considerable regulatory and political uncertainty in recent years. For instance, there have been 16 housing and planning ministers since 2010, often with shifting priorities and approaches. Another recurring theme has been delays, difficulties and uncertainty ahead of the implementation of new regulations – such as the introduction of Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) earlier this year, or the Future Homes Standard (FHS). The industry can only be in a strong position to invest and increase housing delivery when it has certainty about the Government’s approach.

Solution: Introduce a 10-year plan for housing to tackle the housing crisis and provide longer-term certainty for the industry.

The development of a 10-year plan would be a strong foundation for efforts to increase housing supply. It would both provide industry with confidence and certainty about the broader policy and regulatory approach, while also requiring the Government to clarify the practical steps it will take to boost housing delivery.

Problem: Not enough land is being made available to develop the quantum of housing needed

In the face of an acute and worsening housing crisis, HBF considers it sensible to consider the different ways in which suitable land can be brought forward for development. Indeed, the availability of land is an ongoing concern for home builders, particularly those in the SME category.

For instance, 44% of respondents to our SME survey, run in conjunction with Close Brothers Property Finance and Travis Perkins last year, cited land availability as a major barrier to growth.

Solution: Review the Green Belt and identify areas of poor ecological value, including brownfield sites, to support the development of high quality, energy efficient new housing.

One way that this could be achieved is through a review of the Green Belt. For instance, many areas of the Green Belt are neither green nor beautiful, and previously developed sites such as petrol stations or car parks (sometimes referred to as the ‘grey belt’) offer great potential for new housing close to transport links and amenities.

As such, we consider that replacing the least aesthetic parts of the Green Belt that offer little to no ecological value with high quality, energy-efficient new homes should be a priority, while still ensuring the improvement of biodiversity and green spaces for local communities.

National planning policy has recently shifted away from this approach, with the revisions to the NPPF last December meaning that Green Belt boundaries do not need to be reviewed or altered, even if this would be the only way of meeting housing need in full. It is our view that the next Government should return to a more pragmatic approach to Green Belt policy.

The public tends to agree that this should be the approach to the Green Belt. The majority of people say that they would be supportive or not averse to more home building on areas of Green Belt land in their local area if it helped to make housing more affordable.

Respondents to a consumer survey were also considerably more supportive of building on green belt land when they were asked to consider specific types of sites, with 70% of respondents supportive in principle of homes being built on derelict buildings and 63% on disused petrol stations.

Problem: There are not enough LAs with a current Local Plan in place

Local plan preparation remains slow, with research suggesting that by the end of 2025, just 22% of LPAs will have plans that are up to date and less than five years old, compared to 33% in July 2023.

This is holding back housing supply as, according to DLUHC’s own analysis, “on average, authorities without an up-to-date Local Plan would have 14% higher housing supply if their housing supply (as a proportion of existing housing stock) were as much as those with an up-to-date plan.”

Local plans are vital in setting out a pipeline of land for future supply, clarifying how the impacts and benefits of development should be balanced in each area, and giving certainty to both the industry and local communities. Therefore, there is a clear need to ensure greater local plan coverage in England.

Solution: Introduce measures to incentivise Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) to have an up-to-date local plan in place.

While many of the measures the Government set out in its plan making consultation last year to simplify the process might lead to limited improvements, there are many other ways in which LPAs can be incentivised to keep local plans up to date. For instance:

• Ensuring that only areas with an up-to-date development plan will be in receipt of infrastructure (or equivalent) funding.
• Setting out defined timelines with set milestones for local plan preparation, backed by intervention powers.
• Considering a Green Belt designation ‘out of date’ where a local plan has not been adopted in the past five years, meaning its protection should attract reduced weight until reconfirmed by an up-to-date plan.
• Encouraging local authorities to have up-to-date local plans by recognising the existence of a local plan in the funding formula for local government grants.
• Making it more difficult for LPAs to reject planning applications if they do not have a local plan in place or if they do not have an up-to-date plan in place.
• If LPAs are to rely on a land supply of fewer than five years as an incentive for plan-making, this should apply from the point of submission not the publication of a draft.
• Allowing central government to take over the decision-making authority in a local area until a local plan is in place and as a last resort, imposing a local plan on the LPA.
• Making it a statutory requirement for LPAs to prepare a local plan.

These proposals are of varying degrees of severity, with local plan production initially being incentivised by attaching plans to infrastructure funding and local government grant formulas. The most intransigent of local authorities, however, should face central government intervention to ensure a local plan is in place (although such intervention should clearly not be a first resort).

Problem: Not all devolution deals have the necessary plan making powers

The process of devolving powers to metro mayors and Combined Authorities holds much potential and can play a significant role in boosting housing delivery. The ability to make a spatial development strategy (SDS) is the single most important tool that Mayoral Combined Authorities could use to support housing delivery in their areas. This is because the preparation of SDSs covering larger geographic areas, rather than disparate planning by over 300 English local authorities acting in isolation, is a more efficient and effective way to meet housing needs and help grow and develop the economy.

Furthermore, SDSs also ensure that any unmet housing needs arising in a specific local authority area can be delivered with the cooperation of the other constituent local authority members of the Combined Authority area - sharing this among them based on an agreed spatial pattern of distribution. This is important because many of the core cities of England are under bounded and consequently struggle to accommodate their projected housing needs and the “urban uplift” in full within their administrative boundary, such as in Birmingham.

However, few Combined Authorities have sought this power and it is confined currently to Greater Manchester, Liverpool City Region, and the West of England. Furthermore, even if the power to make a spatial strategy has been conferred, it does not follow that one will be produced, or produced with any urgency - given it is not a legal duty. Consequently, this is a power that often goes unused, as has been the case in the Liverpool City Region and the West of England Combined Authorities.

Another issue with the current spatial planning framework is that the mayor must secure the unanimous support of constituent local authorities for an SDS. This gives any one local authority a strong power of veto, especially if there is any aspect of the plan that it is uncomfortable with.

Consequently, it is very difficult to progress a spatial plan that is ambitious in terms of its development requirements if this might upset one or more local authorities, especially if it proposes a spatial pattern of development where an element of the unmet housing need in one local authority area is exported to another.

Solution: Encourage more devolution deals that confer statutory and mandatory spatial plan-making powers.

A number of measures could be taken to ensure that spatial development strategies (SDS) are adopted and become a more integral part of the country’s planning framework – thereby ensuring we can meet the housing needs of urban areas:

• Central Government should encourage more devolution deals that confer statutory spatial plan-making powers, thereby increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the plan-making system as a whole.
• Adoption of a spatial development strategy should be statutory and mandated where these powers exist.
• Mayors could be rewarded by the Government for the production and adoption of a spatial plan with further devolved powers and funding support, including housing investment funds.
• Planning policy should be clear that local plan preparation must not be delayed while a spatial development strategy is being prepared, and support from the Government for spatial plans must be conditional upon a stiff requirement that local plan preparation continue.
• Government must review the devolution agreements to confer on mayors the same plan-making powers as those enjoyed by the Mayor of London, so that mayors do not depend on the unanimous agreement of every constituent local authority to progress a spatial plan. This will also help to accommodate the requirements of the urban uplift.

Developing a Spatial Plan for England at a central Government level – to provide confidence to industry and facilitate the delivery of new homes – would also have similar benefits to SDSs, insofar as it would into account the housing and economic needs of the country as a whole, rather than just the disparate needs of over 300 local areas that are accounted for in local plans.

One of the biggest challenges facing developers of all sizes across the country is how to navigate a planning process which is beset by increasing costs, delays and uncertainty.

Problem: Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) are under-resourced and this is causing delays in the planning process

There are, of course, many reasons for these delays but the pivotal one is the fact that LPAs are considerably under-resourced and understaffed. These issues are resulting in discrepancies, administrative errors, and additional delays in all aspects of the planning process. The Competition and Markets Authority’s (CMA) recent report found that only 12% of planning applications were determined within 13 weeks.

As mentioned above, this has an impact on all developers but is proving particularly challenging for SME builders whose businesses are grinding to a halt. The uncertainty and delay also have consequences for builders that rely on project-based finance.

Concerns regarding resources have coincided with a decade of falling government investment in planning departments. A 2019 analysis by the Institute for Fiscal Studies revealed that gross spend on planning and development was reduced by 42% per person between 2009/10 and 2019/20. Net spend reduced by 60%, which was the largest reduction across all areas of local government. Broadly speaking, over the past 13 years, local authorities have reduced real terms spending on planning departments by around 50% while they now receive approximately 100% more major residential planning applications.

In addition to challenges concerning capital resources, LPAs are also finding it difficult to both recruit and retain staff. Almost 6 in 10 councils (58 per cent) are struggling to recruit planning officers and 36 per cent were having problems retaining them.

As such, councils are increasingly finding themselves reliant on costly agency staff; in one LPA, 90% of staff are on temporary agency contracts. Inevitably, this is having an impact on how quickly applications are being determined and the speed at which conditions are being discharged.

While industry broadly welcomed the previous Government’s action to solidify funding for planning departments through increasing fees, those fees need to be used directly and made available very quickly. The £24 million announced in 2023 to scale up local planning capacity and the £65 million announced at the 2021spending review are a good start, but real terms funding of planning departments has fallen by more than 50% since 2010. Meanwhile, planners are now required to take more decisions and with increasing complexity of development. The Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) estimates that £500 million will be required over four years to address significant delays in housing policy.

Concerns regarding resources in LPAs were acknowledged recently by the CMA in its recent report. It called on the Government to “improve LPA capacity and resource by raising planning fees to a cost reflective level and ringfencing those fees”.

Solution: Reduce planning delays by putting planning services on a self-sustaining footing and ringfencing planning application fees for planning purposes.

Many developers would be amenable to paying more for planning if the service they received, the speed with which planning applications were determined and the timescales for discharge of conditions, improved rapidly.

Given housing delivery will need to play a vital role in the delivery of economic growth, it is vital that the Government works with industry, planners and local government to establish how LPAs can become self-sustaining for the long-term. Consideration should also be given to:

• making fees available to consultees for the ‘Development Team’ service.
• implementing staged payments in Planning Performance Agreements, including bonuses for over-performance and penalties for under-performance.

Problem: NIMBYism is holding back housing delivery.

Anecdotally, we are increasingly receiving reports from members that the politicisation of numerous stages of the planning process is having a significant negative impact on delivery.

It is clearly appropriate that a plan-led system should have local plans that are produced with Member involvement. However, the increasing level of political involvement in applications on allocated sites, or at the detailed stage of planning post-outline consent is not and it is proving costly and damaging to the integrity of the planning system.

Solution: Take the politics out of housing by establishing a fixed national scheme of delegation (introducing a higher threshold for reserved matters submissions to be determined by committee).

Increasing the efficiency of the planning process could be done by establishing a fixed national scheme of delegation. Essentially, this would introduce a higher threshold for reserved matters submissions to be determined by committee rather than planning officers.

At present, the threshold for when applications go before the planning committee is variable across the country. In some areas, all ‘major developments’ go before planning committee. In others, the threshold is 25 dwellings and in some, it is 200 dwellings.

Establishing a clear threshold that is consistent across the country would not only help to remove the political element from the system but also provide some much-needed certainty for developers.

It was also a suggestion put forward by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) in its recent report which called for the Government to formally review: “the varied LPA schemes of delegation with a view to harmonising the complex set of rules and removing the use of Planning Committees for those applications which are broadly in-line with the local plan and/or which below an agreed threshold”.

Problem: We have a plan-led planning system with too few up to date local plans in place

Local plan preparation remains slow with research suggesting that by the end of 2025, just 22 per cent of local planning authorities will have plans that are up to date and less than five years old, compared to 33 per cent in July 2023.

While many of the measures set out in the recent plan making consultation might lead to limited improvements to the planning process, it remains the case that there is no statutory requirement for LPAs to prepare one. Given the scarce resources among LPAs, reductions in local government spending and ever-rising social care costs, the situation is troubling.

Solution: Accelerate the implementation of National Development Management Policies to help speed up local plan making.

There are a number of solutions that could be implemented to speed up local plan making, including accelerating the implementation of National Development Management Policies (NDMPs).

If they perform as intended, NDMPs will make local plans faster to produce and easier to navigate.

This is because nationally important issues will be covered by NDMPS and thus provide more standardisation, leaving local plans to focus on locally-important issues.

However, there are a number of other actions the new Government could take to speed up local plan making, through a mixture of a carrot-and-stick approach. These include:

• Incentivising LPAs to have an up-to-date Local Plan in place by stating that only areas with an up-to-date development plan will be in receipt of infrastructure (or equivalent) funding, setting out defined timelines with set milestones for local plan preparation, backed by intervention powers; and where a local plan has not been adopted in the past five years a Green Belt should be considered ‘out of date’ and its protection should attract reduced weight until reconfirmed by an up-to-date plan.
• Requiring local authorities to have up-to-date local plans that meet local housing need by recognising the existence of a local plan in the funding formula for local government grants.
• LPAs should not be able to unliterally determine whether a local plan needs to be reviewed.
• Making it more difficult for LPAs to reject planning applications if they do not have a local plan in place or if they do not have an up-to-date plan in place.
• Allowing central government to take over the decision-making authority in a local area until a local plan is in place and, as a last resort, imposing a local plan on the LPA.
• Ensuring statutory consultees are involved from the beginning of the process.
• If LPAs are to rely on a land supply of fewer than five years as an incentive for plan-making, this should apply from the point of submission not the publication of a draft.
• Make it a statutory requirement for LPAs to prepare a local plan.

Problem: Slow responses from statutory consultees are further delaying the planning process

Delays in receiving responses from statutory consultees were also identified by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) as one of the key factors driving up the length of the planning process.

The CMA’s recent paper on planning states: “LPAs reported issues with getting statutory consultees to respond within the 21-day consultation period. Responses from statutory consultees were stated to commonly be late and, in many cases, returned well in excess of the required 21-day period. This was largely attributed to resourcing issues within the statutory consultee organisations”.

This is problematic for industry as substantive pre-application advice from LPAs and statutory consultees is vital to the formulation of any development proposals. In working up proposals, a developer will be assessing which uses could be appropriate within a given site’s developable area based upon an analysis of opportunities and constraints. It is at this crucial stage of the development process that the land value that underpins contractual arrangements between landowner and prospective developer is established.

More often than not, however, substantive preapplication advice is not provided, which means that development proposals are worked up without a complete analysis of opportunities and constraints. This can result in schemes (and the contractual arrangements behind them) being amended once a planning application has been made or in a subsequent resubmission.

Once a planning application has been made, a ‘holding response’ from consultees is increasingly being issued, and in some cases, it is taking statutory consultees three to six months to respond fully. This further contributes to the length of time it takes for planning applications to be processed and, once approved, for development to start on site.

Solution: Rationalise the list of statutory consultees, seek greater involvement from them in the scoping of planning application material and ensure effective monitoring and enforcement of deadlines for their responses.

Tackling these challenges will require a number of solutions, including:

• Rationalising the list of statutory consultees and seek greater involvement from them in the scoping of planning application material.
• If an applicant has consulted the consultee at pre-application stage and there have been no substantial changes to the submitted application proposals, then substantive preapplication responses should be a material consideration in the determination of a planning application for 12 months.
• Holding objections should not be able to delay the determination of a planning application.
• Enabling effective monitoring and enforcement of deadlines for statutory consultees by:
  • giving clear and advance notice to statutory consultees of the change in approach;
  • issuing regular reminders to statutory consultees during the 21-day period and a final notice close to the end of the 21-day period; and
  • issuing notices of deemed consent upon expiry of the deadline.

Problem: The current system of developer contributions is not fit for purpose

Local authorities require developers to make financial contributions as part of the process of granting planning permission. The purpose of these contributions is to mitigate the potential impact of development on local communities and to fund social infrastructure such as extra school facilities, health provision, open spaces, affordable housing, and highways.

Under the current arrangements, developers make contributions worth around £7 billion per annum in total. The majority of these contributions go towards affordable housing provision, and this has increasingly been the case over time.

Developer contributions are collected in three ways: as part of Section 106 (S106) agreements/planning obligations, the Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL), and highways contributions (Section 278 and Section 38 agreements).

A number of steps can be taken to improve the current framework for developer contributions.

• Reform S106/CIL by ensuring wider use of standard template agreements as a basis for negotiation to ensure consistency across the country and mitigate delays.
• Support SME developers by introducing a presumption in favour of development on small sites, up to 25 homes, on brownfield land.

Solution: Abandon plans to introduce an Infrastructure Levy (IL) and reform S106/CIL by ensuring wider use of standard template agreements as a basis for negotiation to ensure consistency across the country and mitigate delays.

The current Government has proposed a new Infrastructure Levy (IL), the framework for which is included in the Levelling Up and Regeneration Act (LURA). The new levy proposes to replace the current system of developer contributions (S106/CIL) with a mandatory, streamlined and locally-determined levy.

The key principles of the proposed IL are:

• The levy will be charged on the value of a property at completion per square metre and applied above a minimum threshold.
• Levy rates and minimum thresholds will be set and collected locally, and local authorities will be able to set different rates within their area.
• Levy charging schedules will be published and make the expected value of a contribution clear up-front.

However, HBF – alongside housing associations, charities and some local authorities – have criticised the proposed Levy. The main concerns about the proposed IL are:

• At a time of ongoing economic uncertainty, an increasing burden of regulation, and ongoing delays in the planning process, a costly and time-consuming overhaul of the developer contribution system could be counterproductive and further delay the delivery of new housing.
• Since the proposals will operate as a fixed charge it will be impossible to set an IL rate (or set of rates) that will not either render otherwise deliverable sites unviable or result in a significant volume of sites paying less IL than they could deliver. In turn, the Infrastructure Levy system could also see a lower level of delivery of affordable housing being delivered than under the current system.
• The number of rates underpinning the levy could feasibly run into the dozens - the proposed levy would require a triangulation of charging rates to account for different uses of different scales (e.g. building heights), different areas of an authority, existing and benchmark land values, and different costs, revenues and margins.

However, that is not to say that there are no issues with the existing system, particularly concerning the process of negotiating and delivering on S106 Agreements. For instance, there are often avoidable delays in the negotiation process as each agreement is drawn up from scratch, as well as opaqueness and uncertainty over how and when S106 funds are collated and spent.

Measures to mitigate delays in negotiations could include:

• Increasing permanent staff levels in Local Planning Authorities, thereby reducing reliance on locum solicitors to negotiate S106 agreements.
• The wider use of standard template agreements as a basis for negotiation to ensure consistency across the country and mitigate delays.

S106 contributions that are made to developers are also often held unspent by local authorities for extended periods of time. In total, HBF estimates that around £2.8 billion is held unspent in local authority bank accounts, including £567 million allocated for Affordable Housing.

While S106 funds inevitably take time to be spent, this often takes longer than expected due to a lack of capacity within local authorities, and a lack of effective monitoring of funds by councils. In turn, these delays are undermining support for new development as the infrastructure needed alongside new housing is not being immediately provided for local communities.

Measures to ensure developer contributions are spent in a timely way could include:

• Compelling local authorities to publish an easily digestible annual summary on their website of how money from developers is being spent and why it is not being spent.
• Introducing new provisions in legislation. Provisions already exist preventing Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL) from being spent on anything other than infrastructure, but there are no mechanisms for ensuring that revenue raised through CIL is transferred to county councils, or that any of the revenue raised through CIL/S106 is actually spent at all.

Over the past five years, the construction of 160,000 new homes across a quarter of the country has been blocked due to interventions from Natural England over concerns about high nitrate and phosphate levels in England’s waterways. While it is widely acknowledged that the contribution of the occupants of new homes to this issue is negligible, it is only the home building industry that has seen an embargo imposed.

Problem: Housing delivery remains blocked by nutrient neutrality mitigation measures

Following a European Court of Justice ruling in 2018 known subsequently as ‘Dutch N’, in 2019 Natural England revised its guidance to local authorities in the Solent area that all new development involving overnight stays should be subject to an assessment under the Habitats Regulations to ensure that the proposal is ‘nutrient neutral’, i.e., that the volume of nitrates potentially entering the water system as a result of a new development must be offset by the removal of an equivalent amount. This was a policy intervention that could not have been foreseen, driven by an agency not directly involved in housing or planning.

In the years since, the restrictions have spread from the Solent and now cover 74 local authorities with an estimated 160,000 new homes held up in the planning process - ranging from sites with an allocation in local plans to those with full planning permission, and even some sites where construction has commenced but occupation of homes is prohibited.

Nitrates and phosphates enter waterways primarily from agricultural runoff, but also through sewage as a result of insufficient wastewater infrastructure. Research undertaken by Brookbanks on behalf of HBF finds that agriculture accounts for 70% of the nitrogen released into our rivers, and 25% of phosphates. In contrast, the occupancy of new homes accounted for just 0.29% of total nitrogen emissions each year and 0.73% of total phosphorus, based on an assumption that each new home will increase the local population by 2.4 people – the assumption that Natural England uses. However, with the actual average additional occupancy rate of 1.65, the proportion of nutrients accounted for from wastewater from net additional population falls to 0.2% for nitrogen and 0.5% for phosphorus – less than 1% of total nutrient pollution.

The research also finds that each dairy cow produces nitrogen equivalent to 29 homes while each sheep is responsible for the same amount of nitrogen as three family homes.

Despite this, while Natural England continues to impose a ban on new housing, farmers are granted licenses to use additional nutrient rich fertilisers, over and above the agreed European limits. This is resulting in hundreds of thousands of additional kilograms of nitrogen spread on agricultural land in Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZs). In addition, planning permissions for new farming facilities continue to be granted, including for highly polluting Intensive Poultry Units to accommodate tens of thousands of hens, the result of which will see nutrient pollution increase at much greater levels than sustained levels of house building would ever produce.

While the home building industry is supportive of the need to protect water habitats, developers are being disproportionately impacted by the mitigation measures introduced by Natural England, with the sector’s contribution to the issue being marginal in comparison to that of agriculture.

The issue of nutrient pollution is exacerbated by the failure of water companies to invest in the infrastructure that can adequately treat wastewater, leading to frequent discharges of sewage into our rivers. This is despite water companies taking billions of pounds in infrastructure charges and adopted assets from home builders to pay for such upgrades and despite the obvious statutory requirement for them to ensure their infrastructure can cope with existing and future projected demand.

Solution: Bring forward new legislation to enable the 160,000+ new homes currently blocked by Natural England’s nutrient neutrality mitigation measures (and other issues such as water neutrality) to be built.

The Habitats Regulations should be revised to remove the consideration of the impacts of nutrient pollution from the appropriate assessment for the majority of planning applications, or to make it unlawful for LPAs to require through local plans that the appropriate assessment is a requirement of planning permission.

Additionally, the next government should introduce the power for the Secretary of State for Housing to make changes to, or impose conditions on, the environmental permits governing wastewater treatment plants.

Solution: In the short term, commit to working with Natural England to review its nutrient mitigation calculator to reflect the minor contribution (<1%) that the occupancy of new homes makes toward nutrient pollution.

Currently, Natural England bases nutrient mitigation calculations on the assumption that each new home will increase the population of the local area by 2.4 people. Given that most new housing in a given area caters for the existing population, not new people, this is a significant overestimate. As stated above, the population increase per unit is actually 1.65 and the contribution of the occupants of new homes is 0.2% for nitrogen and 0.5% for phosphorus – less than 1% of total nutrient pollution.

The next government should provide funding for Natural England and ensure that a review of its nutrient mitigation calculator is undertaken so that the minor contribution of new households is proportionately reflected and in turn, so are the associated mitigation requirements. The new calculator should focus on:

• the net additional population that will result from the delivery of new housing – rather than a continued focus on the gross population of the new dwellings – based on an application of the net additional average household size; and,
• the number of dwellings that are to be delivered by 2030 rather than a requirement to mitigate a development in its entirety, regardless of when the houses will be delivered.

This will still maintain a cautionary approach and ensure appropriate mitigation but will overcome the problems associated with the current approach and allow tens of thousands of new homes to be delivered.

Solution: Extend planning permission for sites in affected catchments that have been held up due to nutrient neutrality requirements.

Of the 160,000 homes currently blocked by nutrient neutrality, an estimated 40% already have planning permission.

Planning permission for sites blocked by nutrient neutrality requirements should be granted an extension, to ensure that builders are not having to re-apply for the same permission. Given the lengthy and expensive process of achieving planning permission, having to reapply would see housing supply held up even further and would disproportionately affect SME builders, who do not have the financial stockpile for this approach.

Solution: Require water companies to account for how they spend developer fees and invest in their networks to meet the future housing needs of the population.

Water companies must be held accountable in respect of the delivery of the required improvements and must ensure that their baseline environmental standards are maintained to the highest degree.

While the Levelling Up and Regeneration Act (LURA) has introduced a new statutory duty on water and sewerage companies in England to upgrade wastewater treatment works to the highest technically achievable limits by 2030 in nutrient neutrality areas, the new government must ensure that water companies are required to continuously upgrade their facilities beyond this date.

Additionally, the next government should impose sanctions on water companies that fail to fulfil their statutory duty. There should also be an action plan identified to ensure that any future failures on the part of water companies do not continue to adversely affect the delivery of new housing.

The home building industry is committed to delivering the high quality, energy efficient homes that the country needs, but to achieve this it is critical that we have the infrastructure and supply chain that can support this.

Problem: Not enough is being done to ensure there are the skills in place to build green homes

The enormous challenge that the industry faces in delivering on our climate and environmental ambitions also presents a great opportunity for under-supported skills to be brought forward, creating higher skilled jobs for the future.

The opportunities will embrace the production and design of new housing, including the installation of new heating and hot water systems and new construction methods that will be vital in our journey to Net Zero housing. If investment in training and education for such skills can be supported in the right way, the UK has a unique opportunity to become a world leader in the knowledge and skills base for future housing design and delivery with a workforce capable of sharing its expertise in new markets across the globe.

However, the industry has long faced a significant skills shortage due to:

• a shortfall in the number of recruits entering roles through the education system - the industry has not attracted enough new recruits to the homebuilding sector in recent years.
• a severe loss of skills during the previous recession – 40% to 50% of skilled labour left the industry.
• increases in demand – Industry has delivered an increase in supply over the past decade.
• an ageing workforce – 25% of the homebuilding workforce is aged over 50 meaning the sector is facing an impending retirement cliff edge.

To put the scale of the problem into perspective, research undertaken by HBF’s Home Building Skills Partnership has found that for every 10,000 new homes the industry builds, 30,000 new recruits are needed, including but not limited to 2,500 bricklayers, 2,500 groundwork/plant operatives and 1,000 carpenters.

HBF has proposed the following solutions as a means of overcoming the barriers to recruitment and training faced by the industry, which if resolved should put the industry on a stronger footing for delivering the high-quality, greener homes that are desperately needed.

Solution: Develop a roadmap for establishing the talent pipeline needed to deliver low-carbon and energy efficient new housing.

This should include the training and recruitment of heat pump installers as well as measures to ensure that post-16 education provided through Further Education (FE) colleges has more focus on practical skills and new technologies.

Solution: Publish the outcome of the Industrial Training Board (ITB) review and implement its recommendations as soon as practicable.

The Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) has not been sufficiently nimble or attuned to the requirements of home builders. The ITB review has provided the opportunity to reform the training framework and make it better focused and more responsive to the needs of employers. The findings of the ITB review should be acted on urgently once it has concluded to alleviate any further delays in resolving the skills shortage.

In particular, the Scope Order of the CITB should be reviewed to support the training and upskilling for trades required to achieve net zero targets, such as heat pumps.

Additionally, sufficient support should be provided on an ongoing basis through CITB and otherwise to help organisations manage apprenticeships and optimise apprenticeship recruitment.

The industry would also welcome greater influence and control over the funding that it provides and receives via the CITB levy. This would not see a reduction in investment being made by businesses but would ensure a better focused and more contemporary approach.

Problem: The Apprenticeship Levy is not fit for purpose

There are numerous problems with the running of the Apprenticeship Levy:

• The structure of the Apprenticeship Levy allows existing employees to be reclassified as apprentices when gaining a new skill. This has seen an increase in the number of higher-level apprentices, who can use the Levy to gain a degree or similar level qualification, but there has been a significant reduction in the number of apprentices, particularly at Levels 2 and 3. This is problematic as it does not address the issue of a lack of new entrants to the industry.
• Larger employers are reticent to “transfer” any of their Apprenticeship Levy payment to SMEs as the responsibility for the administrative management of the apprentices hired remains with the “gifting” company.
• Employer perception of the quality of apprenticeship courses is variable:
  • Many organisations cannot access the courses they want within a reasonable distance or even within the entire region in which they operate.
  • The training delivery method frequently doesn’t add value, many employers now value block release over day release as the apprentice can be productive more quickly.
  • There are not enough providers to allow organisations to employ the apprentices they require to meet business needs or to spend levy funds.
  • There are not enough apprenticeship positions available for everyone in further education courses to progress to one. This leaves a large number of students unable to advance into their chosen industry.
  • The achievement/completion rate for construction apprenticeships is low as many leave the programme early as the certificates are not always highly valued by employers.
• The remit of the Apprenticeship Levy is restrictive and would be more successful if it could be used for broader skills, training and learning, all aimed at increasing new entrants to the industry.
• Apprenticeship lengths are often beyond business forecast timescales which prevents employers from committing.

Solution: Reform the Apprenticeship Levy to make it simpler, nimbler and more flexible to respond to the needs of businesses.

To overcome these issues and ensure that apprenticeships are able to provide at the levels we need to see, the next government should:

• change the rules of the Apprenticeship Levy to pass the responsibility of administration for hired apprentices to the company that “receives” the levy transfer, rather than leaving it with the “gifting” company.
• ringfence all residual unspent Apprenticeship Levy funds and reinvest the money into skills or training programmes, or other initiatives to improve apprenticeship uptake.
• provide greater investment to increase the availability of apprenticeship positions across all regions and trades to allow all businesses and individuals to benefit.

Problem: Delayed grid connections are hindering the delivery of new homes

In recent years, the delivery of new homes in some areas of the country has been delayed due to concerns over grid capacity. However, research has found that energy requirements for new homes significantly overestimate how much electricity new homes use.

Energy companies have found that the growing use of EV charging and heat pumps is not increasing their peak demand as expected, due to new homes being more energy efficient. A more realistic assessment estimates that the grid could support the delivery of 2.5 times as much housing as assumed.

Solution: Produce a strategy for ensuring that infrastructure, such as the National Grid, has sufficient capacity to support the delivery of new and increasingly energy efficient homes

As we move away from traditional gas boilers and towards low carbon heating systems and electric cars, new homes will need to use more electricity and the pressure on the grid will inevitably grow. As such, the new government should produce a strategy to ensure that we have sufficient grid capacity to provide for ambitious housing targets.

Problem: Not all customers have access to the New Homes Quality Board

Build quality and customer service have always been a priority for home builders. This became a greater focus following an unacceptable drop in satisfaction levels around 2017. Since then, the industry has worked hard to improve satisfaction levels by focusing on the quality of homes built and the service they provide to customers, something that has stepped up with the launch of the New

Homes Quality Board (NHQB) and New Homes Ombudsman Service in the last couple of years.

The NHQB is an independent, not-for-profit organisation set up to oversee reforms in the quality of new homes and the customer service provided by developers. Through the Code, a broad range of additional requirements have been introduced for registered developers, to ensure that every aspect of a new home purchase is covered, from when a customer initially walks into a sales office, through to two years after the occupation of the home.

However, it is not yet mandatory for developers to be registered with the NHQB and thus abide by the Code, leaving those customers who have bought with a developer outside of the scheme unprotected by the NHQB.

Solution: Implement the Competition and Markets Authority’s recommendations for a single mandatory industry consumer code and the provision of access to the New Homes Ombudsman for all customers.

We are urging the new government to continue to take forward the recommendations made by the CMA in its recent Housebuilding Market Study for a single mandatory consumer code and providing all buyers with access to an ombudsman.

The companies delivering the majority of the county’s new homes have already voluntarily registered with the NHQB. This provides customers with access to the independent New Homes Ombudsman Service, which should result in satisfaction levels continuing to improve in the coming years, and this should be afforded to all home buyers.

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For further information about any of the issues raised in this report, please do not hesitate to contact:

• David O’Leary, Executive Director
• Emma Ramell, Director of External Affairs
• Laura Markus, Policy and External Affairs Manager
• Laurence Thompson, Policy and Campaigns Advisor